An Introductory Course of Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Henry P. Talbot (good short books .TXT) 📖

soluble barium salt, is added in the form of a relatively concentrated solution (the slight change of volume of a few cubic centimeters may be disregarded for the present discussion) the concentration of the Ba^{++} ions is much increased, and as a consequence the !Conc'n SO_{4}! must decrease in proportion if the value of the expression is to remain constant, which is a requisite condition if the law of mass action upon which our argument depends holds true. In other words, SO_{4}^{—} ions must combine with some of the added Ba^{++} ions to form [BaSO_{4}]; but it will be recalled that the solution is already saturated with BaSO_{4}, and this freshly formed quantity must, therefore, separate and add itself to the precipitate. This is exactly what is desired in order to insure more complete precipitation and greater accuracy, and leads to the conclusion that the larger the excess of the precipitant added the more successful the analysis; but a practical limit is placed upon the quantity of the precipitant which may be properly added by other conditions, as stated in the following note.]

[Note 3: Barium sulphate, in a larger measure than most compounds, tends to carry down other substances which are present in the solution from which it separates, even when these other substances are relatively soluble, and including the barium chloride used as the precipitant. This is also notably true in the case of nitrates and chlorates of the alkalies, and of ferric compounds; and, since in this analysis ammonium nitrate has resulted from the neutralization of the excess of the nitric acid added to oxidize the iron, it is essential that this should be destroyed by repeated evaporation with a relatively large quantity of hydrochloric acid. During evaporation a mutual decomposition of the two acids takes place, and the nitric acid is finally decomposed and expelled by the excess of hydrochloric acid.

Iron is usually found in the precipitate of barium sulphate when thrown down from hot solutions in the presence of ferric salts. This, according to Kuster and Thiel (!Zeit. anorg. Chem.!, 22, 424), is due to the formation of a complex ion (Fe(SO_{4})_{2}) which precipitates with the Ba^{++} ion, while Richards (!Zeit. anorg. Chem.!, 23, 383) ascribes it to hydrolytic action, which causes the formation of a basic ferric complex which is occluded in the barium precipitate. Whatever the character of the compound may be, it has been shown that it loses sulphuric anhydride upon ignition, causing low results, even though the precipitate contains iron.

The contamination of the barium sulphate by iron is much less in the presence of ferrous than ferric salts. If, therefore, the sulphur alone were to be determined in the ferrous ammonium sulphate, the precipitation by barium might be made directly from an aqueous solution of the salt, which had been made slightly acid with hydrochloric acid.]

[Note 4: The precipitation of the barium sulphate is probably complete at the end of a half-hour, and the solution may safely be filtered at the expiration of that time if it is desired to hasten the analysis.

As already noted, many precipitates of the general character of this sulphate tend to grow more coarsely granular if digested for some time with the liquid from which they have separated. It is therefore well to allow the precipitate to stand in a warm place for several hours, if practicable, to promote ease of filtration. The filtrate and washings should always be carefully examined for minute quantities of the sulphate which may pass through the pores of the filter. This is best accomplished by imparting to the filtrate a gentle rotary motion, when the sulphate, if present, will collect at the center of the bottom of the beaker.]

[Note 5: A reduction of barium sulphate to the sulphide may very readily be caused by the reducing action of the burning carbon of the filter, and much care should be taken to prevent any considerable reduction from this cause. Subsequent ignition, with ready access of air, reconverts the sulphide to sulphate unless a considerable reduction has occurred. In the latter case it is expedient to add one or two drops of sulphuric acid and to heat cautiously until the excess of acid is expelled.]

[Note 6: Barium sulphate requires about 400,000 parts of water for its solution. It is not decomposed at a red heat but suffers loss, probably of sulphur trioxide, at a temperature above 900°C.]

DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR IN BARIUM SULPHATE

PROCEDURE.—Weigh out, into platinum crucibles, two portions of about 0.5 gram of the sulphate. Mix each in the crucible with five to six times its weight of anhydrous sodium carbonate. This can best be done by placing the crucible on a piece of glazed paper and stirring the mixture with a clean, dry stirring-rod, which may finally be wiped off with a small fragment of filter paper, the latter being placed in the crucible. Cover the crucible and heat until a quiet, liquid fusion ensues. Remove the burner, and tip the crucible until the fused mass flows nearly to its mouth. Hold it in that position until the mass has solidified. When cold, the material may usually be detached in a lump by tapping the crucible or gently pressing it near its upper edge. If it still adheres, a cubic centimeter or so of water may be placed in the cold crucible and cautiously brought to boiling, when the cake will become loosened and may be removed and placed in about 250 cc. of hot, distilled water to dissolve. Clean the crucible completely, rubbing the sides with a rubber-covered stirring-rod, if need be.

When the fused mass has completely disintegrated and nothing further will dissolve, decant the solution from the residue of barium carbonate (Note 1). Pour over the residue 20 cc. of a solution of sodium carbonate and 10 cc. of water and heat to gentle boiling for about three minutes (Note 2). Filter off the carbonate and wash it with hot water, testing the slightly acidified washings for sulphate and preserving any precipitates which appear in these tests. Acidify the filtrate with hydrochloric acid until just acid, bring to boiling, and slowly add hot barium chloride solution, as in the preceding determination. Add also any tests from the washings in which precipitates have appeared. Filter, wash, ignite, and weigh.

From the weight of barium sulphate, calculate the percentage of sulphur (S) in the sample.

[Note 1: This alkaline fusion is much employed to disintegrate substances ordinarily insoluble in acids into two components, one of which is water soluble and the other acid soluble. The reaction involved is:

BaSO_{4} + Na_{2}CO_{3}, —> BaCO_{3}, + Na_{2}SO_{4}.

As the sodium sulphate is soluble in water, and the barium carbonate insoluble, a separation between them is possible and the sulphur can be determined in the water-soluble portion.

It should be noted that this method can be applied to the purification of a precipitate of barium sulphate if contaminated by most of the substances mentioned in Note 3 on page 114. The impurities pass into the water solution together with the sodium sulphate, but, being present in such minute amounts, do not again precipitate with the barium sulphate.]

[Note 2: The barium carbonate is boiled with sodium carbonate solution before filtration because the reaction above is reversible; and it is only by keeping the sodium carbonate present in excess until nearly all of the sodium sulphate solution has been removed by filtration that the reversion of some of the barium carbonate to barium sulphate is prevented. This is an application of the principle of mass action, in which the concentration of the reagent (the carbonate ion) is kept as high as practicable and that of the sulphate ion as low as possible, in order to force the reaction in the desired direction (see Appendix).]

DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE IN APATITE

The mineral apatite is composed of calcium phosphate, associated with calcium chloride, or fluoride. Specimens are easily obtainable which are nearly pure and leave on treatment with acid only a slight siliceous residue.

For the purpose of gravimetric determination, phosphoric acid is usually precipitated from ammoniacal solutions in the form of magnesium ammonium phosphate which, on ignition, is converted into magnesium pyrophosphate. Since the calcium phosphate of the apatite is also insoluble in ammoniacal solutions, this procedure cannot be applied directly. The separation of the phosphoric acid from the calcium must first be accomplished by precipitation in the form of ammonium phosphomolybdate in nitric acid solution, using ammonium molybdate as the precipitant. The "yellow precipitate," as it is often called, is not always of a definite composition, and therefore not suitable for direct weighing, but may be dissolved in ammonia, and the phosphoric acid thrown out as magnesium ammonium phosphate from the solution.

Of the substances likely to occur in apatite, silicic acid alone interferes with the precipitation of the phosphoric acid in nitric acid solution.

PRECIPITATION OF AMMONIUM PHOSPHOMOLYBDATE

PROCEDURE.—Grind the mineral in an agate mortar until no grit is perceptible. Transfer the substance to a weighing-tube, and weigh out two portions, not exceeding 0.20 gram each (Note 1) into two beakers of about 200 cc. capacity. Pour over them 20 cc. of dilute nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.2) and warm gently until solvent action has apparently ceased. Evaporate the solution cautiously to dryness, heat the residue for about an hour at 100-110°C., and treat it again with nitric acid as described above; separate the residue of silica by filtration on a small filter (7 cm.) and wash with warm water, using as little as possible (Note 2). Receive the filtrate in a beaker (200-500 cc.). Test the washings with ammonia for calcium phosphate, but add all such tests in which a precipitate appears to the original nitrate (Note 3). The filtrate and washings must be kept as small as possible and should not exceed 100 cc. in volume. Add aqueous ammonia (sp. gr. 0.96) until the precipitate of calcium phosphate first produced just fails to redissolve, and then add a few drops of nitric acid until this is again brought into solution (Note 4). Warm the solution until it cannot be comfortably held in the hand (about 60°C.) and, after removal of the burner, add 75 cc. of ammonium molybdate solution which has been !gently! warmed, but which must be perfectly clear. Allow the mixture to stand at a temperature of about 50 or 60°C. for twelve hours (Notes 5 and 6). Filter off the yellow precipitate on a 9 cm. filter, and wash by decantation with a solution of ammonium nitrate made acid with nitric acid.[1] Allow the precipitate to remain in the beaker as far as possible. Test the washings for calcium with ammonia and ammonium oxalate (Note 3).

[Footnote 1: This solution is prepared as follows: Mix 100 cc. of ammonia solution (sp. gr. 0.96) with 325 cc. of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.2) and dilute with 100 cc. of water.]

Add 10 cc. of molybdate solution to the nitrate, and leave it for a few hours. It should then be carefully examined for a !yellow! precipitate; a white precipitate may be neglected.

[Note 1: Magnesium ammonium phosphate, as noted below, is slightly soluble under the conditions of operation. Consequently the unavoidable errors of analysis are greater in this determination than in those which have preceded it, and some divergence may be expected in duplicate analyses. It is obvious that the larger the amount of substance taken for analysis the less will be the relative loss or gain due to unavoidable experimental errors; but, in this instance, a check is placed upon the amount of material which may be taken both by the bulk of the resulting precipitate of ammonium phosphomolybdate and by the excessive amount of ammonium molybdate required to effect complete separation of the phosphoric acid, since a liberal excess above the theoretical quantity is demanded. Molybdic acid is one of the more expensive reagents.]

[Note 2: Soluble silicic acid would, if present, partially separate with the phosphomolybdate, although not in combination with molybdenum. Its previous removal by dehydration is therefore necessary.]

[Note 3: When washing the siliceous residue the filtrate may be tested for calcium by adding ammonia, since that reagent neutralizes the acid which holds the calcium phosphate in solution and causes precipitation; but after the removal of the phosphoric acid in combination with the molybdenum, the addition of an oxalate is required to show the presence of calcium.]

[Note 4: An excess of nitric acid exerts a slight solvent action, while ammonium nitrate lessens the solubility; hence the neutralization of the former by ammonia.]

[Note 5: The precipitation of the phosphomolybdate takes place more promptly in warm than in cold solutions, but the temperature should not exceed 60°C. during precipitation; a higher temperature tends to separate molybdic acid from the solution. This acid is nearly white, and its deposition in the filtrate on long standing should not be mistaken for a second precipitation of the